The 100g small coffee roaster is designed for those who want to experiment with coffee roasting on a manageable scale. Whether you’re a beginner looking to try their hand at coffee roasting or a small business considering roasted coffee wholesale, this machine offers a starting point that’s not overwhelming.For coffee enthusiasts and small-scale roasters, the allure of freshly roasted coffee is undeniable. The aroma, the flavor, and the process itself can be as satisfying as the cup that ends up in your hands. With the rise of home coffee roasting, machines like the 100g small coffee roaster have become increasingly popular. But how easy is it to operate such a machine, and what does it take to go from green beans to roasted coffee wholesale?To some extent, coffee roaster machine Our development has surpassed many peer businesses, but it has never stopped moving forward. https://www.yoshanroaster.com/

　　

　　1. Ease of Operation

　　

　　Operating a 100g coffee roaster machine is generally straightforward. Most models come with basic controls that allow you to set the temperature and time for the roasting process. Here’s a simplified breakdown of the steps involved:

　　

　　Preheat the Roaster: Start by preheating the machine to a consistent temperature, which is crucial for even roasting.

　　

　　Load the Beans: Carefully add your green coffee beans to the roasting chamber, ensuring they are spread out evenly.

　　

　　Start the Roasting Process: Begin the roasting process and monitor the beans as they change color and emit smoke.

　　

　　Adjust as Needed: Use the controls to adjust the heat or air flow if necessary, based on the desired roast profile.

　　

　　Cool the Beans: Once the roast is complete, quickly cool the beans to stop the roasting process and lock in the flavor.

　　

　　How Easy Is It to Operate a 100g Small Coffee Roaster?

　　

　　How Easy Is It to Operate a 100g Small Coffee Roaster?

　　

　　2. Benefits of 100g Coffee Roasting

　　

　　Perfect for Small-Scale Production: Ideal for those looking to start roasted coffee wholesale on a small scale or for personal use.

　　

　　Learning Curve: Offers a manageable way to learn the art of coffee roasting without the complexity of larger machines.

　　

　　Experimentation: Allows for experimenting with different roast profiles and beans to find your signature flavor.

　　

　　Freshness: Ensures that you’re always serving the freshest coffee, as roasting can be done just before packaging or sale.

　　

　　3. Coffee Roasting for Wholesale

　　

　　For those considering roasted coffee wholesale, starting with a 100g coffee roaster can be a smart move. It allows you to perfect your roasting skills and build a customer base before scaling up to larger machines.As your roasted coffee wholesale business grows, you may find the need to scale up your operations. This can involve moving to larger roasters or investing in additional 100g roasters to meet demand.

　　

　　How Easy Is It to Operate a 100g Small Coffee Roaster?

　　

　　The 100g small coffee roaster offers an accessible entry point into the world of coffee roasting. It’s relatively easy to operate, making it perfect for beginners and small-scale roasters looking to break into the roasted coffee wholesale market. With practice and patience, you can master the art of coffee roasting and deliver the freshest coffee to your customers.

　　The Yoshan SD-3KG coffee roasting machine is equipped with a gas heating system, offering several key advantages that make it an ideal choice for coffee roasters seeking precision and control.Hope for the future commercial coffee roaster It can achieve rapid and stable development and serve social development and people’s needs well. https://www.yoshanroaster.com/

　　

　　1. Temperature Control:

　　

　　Gas heating allows for precise temperature adjustments, which is crucial for achieving consistent roast profiles. The ability to quickly modify the heat during different stages of roasting helps in developing the desired flavor characteristics of the beans.

　　

　　2. Energy Efficiency:

　　

　　Gas heating is known for its energy efficiency, providing consistent heat output with lower energy consumption compared to electric systems. This efficiency is particularly beneficial in a commercial setting, where cost-effectiveness is important.

　　

　　3. Even Heat Distribution:

　　

　　The Yoshan coffee roast machine,SD-3 KG¨s gas system ensures even heat distribution across the drum, preventing hot spots and ensuring that all beans are roasted uniformly. This leads to a more consistent batch quality, which is essential for maintaining product standards.

　　

　　4. Faster Heating Times:

　　

　　Gas heaters typically reach the desired roasting temperature more quickly than electric heaters. This reduces the overall roasting time and allows for higher productivity, especially in a busy roasting environment.

　　

　　What Are the Advantages of Gas Heating in the Yoshan SD-3 KG Coffee Roaster?

　　

　　What Are the Advantages of Gas Heating in the Yoshan SD-3 KG Coffee Roaster?

　　

　　5. Flexibility in Roasting Profiles:

　　

　　The flexibility offered by gas heating allows roasters to experiment with different roasting profiles. Whether aiming for a light, medium, or dark roast, the responsive nature of gas heating supports a wide range of roasting styles.

　　

　　6. Reliability and Durability:

　　

　　Gas heating systems in the Yoshan coffee roasting machines SD-3 KG are built for durability and reliability. This ensures long-term performance with minimal maintenance, making it a robust option for small-scale commercial roasting operations.

　　

　　In conclusion, the gas heating system in the Yoshan SD-3 KG coffee roasting machine provides unmatched control, efficiency, and flexibility, making it a preferred choice for professional coffee roasters aiming to deliver high-quality coffee consistently.

　　With the rapid development of modern technology, the connection between sport action cameras and smartphones has become increasingly important. As a device designed specifically for recording sports scenes, action cameras are capable of taking high-quality photos and videos. Smartphones, on the other hand, have become an indispensable tool in daily life due to their powerful computing power and wide application support. This article will explore the various advantages and application scenarios of connecting action cameras to mobile phones, and provide some practical connection tips to help users get the best performance of these two devices.In addition to innate advantages, sports video camera Its own product attributes are also extremely high-end, in order to remain unbeaten in the market competition. https://www.xtwkitway.com/

　　

　　Sport Action Camera and Mobile Phone Connection

　　

　　First, the connection between sport action cameras and mobile phones can greatly enhance the user’s operating experience. By connecting to a mobile phone, action cameras can be remotely controlled more efficiently. For example, users can adjust the settings of action cameras, shoot, record, or change shooting modes through applications on their mobile phones. This remote control function is particularly useful when shooting dynamic sports scenes, because it allows users to complete operations without directly touching the camera, avoiding shooting errors caused by inconvenient operation.

　　

　　Sport Action Camera and Mobile Phone Connection

　　

　　Secondly, the connection between sport action cameras and mobile phones also helps to view the shooting content in real time. Many modern action cameras support pairing with mobile phones via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, and users can view the camera’s footage in real time on the mobile phone screen. This not only makes it convenient for users to confirm the shooting angle and composition, but also allows them to make instant adjustments during shooting to ensure that the final image or video achieves the best effect.

　　

　　In addition, the connection between action cameras and mobile phones makes sharing and editing more convenient. After shooting, users can easily transfer photos and videos from the camera to the phone through mobile phone applications. Modern applications provide a variety of editing tools, allowing users to quickly edit, adjust and add effects on the phone, and then share the edited content directly to social media platforms. This convenient operation process greatly shortens the time from shooting to sharing, allowing users to instantly show their wonderful moments.

　　

　　The connection between outdoor action cameras and mobile phones also brings convenience in data management. Many action camera applications allow users to view and organize captured files on their phones, create albums and tags, which helps users easily manage large numbers of photos and videos. In addition, some applications also provide cloud storage functions, allowing users to back up important shooting files to the cloud to avoid data loss caused by device loss or damage.

　　

　　Sport Action Camera and Mobile Phone Connection

　　

　　In order to achieve the best connection effect, users need to ensure that the pairing process between the action camera and the mobile phone is smooth. First, confirm that the batteries of both devices are sufficient to avoid low power during operation. Next, make sure that the applications of the mobile phone and outdoor action camera have been updated to the latest version for the best compatibility and function support. Generally speaking, pairing via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth is the most common method, and users can refer to the device’s instruction manual to complete the pairing process.

　　

　　In short, the connection between the action video camera and the mobile phone not only improves the convenience of shooting operations, but also enhances the efficiency of post-editing and sharing. Through this connection, users can better control the shooting process, view the shooting content in real time, and quickly edit and share. With the continuous advancement of technology, the connection between action video camera and mobile phones in the future will bring more innovative functions and usage scenarios, further enriching the user’s shooting experience. Therefore, understanding and mastering these connection skills will help users give full play to the potential of action cameras and mobile phones, and record and share more wonderful moments.

　　In a world where convenience is key, combining essential features into a single product can make life easier. One such innovation is the XTW night light charging station, which merges the practicality of a fast charger with the added benefit of a soft, ambient night light. But why should you choose a night light fast charger over a traditional charging solution? Let¨s explore the key reasons.In view of the actual needs of society, wireless charging station We need to change some original problems to better serve the society and benefit people. https://www.xtwkitway.com/

　　

　　1. Dual Functionality

　　

　　The most obvious benefit of a night light fast charger is its dual purpose. Not only can it charge your devices quickly, but it also provides a soothing light that¨s perfect for nighttime use. Whether you¨re placing it by your bedside, in a hallway, or in a child¨s room, the soft glow from the night light adds comfort and safety without being too bright or disruptive.

　　

　　Why Choose a Night Light Fast Charger?

　　

　　2. Space-Saving Design

　　

　　The XTW night light charging station eliminates the need for separate devices cluttering your space. With a compact, all-in-one design, you no longer need a separate night light and charging station. This is especially ideal for minimalists or those who want to maintain a tidy, organized space.

　　

　　Why Choose a Night Light Fast Charger?

　　

　　3. Fast Charging Capabilities

　　

　　Charging speed is a critical factor when choosing a charger. A night light fast charger ensures your devices are powered up quickly, so you¨re never left waiting. Whether you need to charge your phone, tablet, or other electronics, a fast charger provides the power boost you need without delays.

　　

　　Why Choose a Night Light Fast Charger?

　　4. Ideal for Wholesalers

　　

　　For businesses looking to offer convenient, multi-functional products, night light fast charger wholesalers are a great resource. By purchasing from reputable wholesalers, you can ensure access to high-quality products that meet customer demands. The growing popularity of dual-function products like the XTW night light charging station makes it a smart choice for retail or e-commerce businesses looking to expand their offerings.

　　

　　Why Choose a Night Light Fast Charger?

　　

　　5. Energy Efficiency

　　

　　Many night light charging stations are designed to be energy-efficient. The soft LED light consumes minimal power, making it an eco-friendly option for homes and businesses. Additionally, the fast charging feature optimizes power usage, ensuring your devices charge efficiently without wasting energy.

　　

　　6. Perfect for All Ages

　　

　　Whether it¨s used in a nursery to provide a gentle glow during nighttime feedings or in a bedroom to create a calming ambiance, a night light fast charger is suitable for people of all ages. It¨s especially convenient for those who need to charge devices overnight while maintaining a subtle light in the room.

　　

　　A night light fast charger is an excellent addition to any home, providing both fast charging and ambient lighting in one sleek device. For those interested in purchasing these chargers in bulk, night light fast charger wholesalers offer competitive prices and reliable products. The XTW night light charging station is a standout option, offering convenience, energy efficiency, and a modern design that suits any space.With a night light charging station, you can enhance your nighttime routine while ensuring your devices are always ready to go. Choose innovation, choose convenience, and choose the perfect blend of light and power with this multifunctional device.

　　Vlogging has become a popular way to share experiences, tell stories, and connect with audiences across the globe. Whether you¨re an adventure junkie capturing thrilling moments or a travel enthusiast documenting your journeys, having the right tools can make a significant difference in the quality of your content. The GoPro, known for its durability and high-quality video capabilities, is a favorite among vloggers. However, to truly unlock its potential, a GoPro accessories kit is essential. In this article, we¨ll explore why a GoPro accessories kit is a must-have for any serious vlogger.However, in other words, we should know more about it. wireless charging station The law of development has brought new vitality to the whole industry and revitalized the market. https://www.xtwkitway.com/

　　

　　1. Enhancing Versatility

　　

　　One of the key reasons a GoPro accessories kit is vital for vlogging is the sheer versatility it offers. GoPro cameras are designed to be compact and rugged, perfect for capturing action-packed footage. But without the right accessories, you might find yourself limited in terms of angles, stability, and creative possibilities.

　　

　　With a comprehensive accessories kit, you can easily switch between different mounts, such as a chest mount for hands-free filming or a suction cup mount for unique vehicle shots. These accessories allow you to capture footage from various perspectives, making your vlogs more dynamic and engaging.

　　

　　What Makes a GoPro Accessories Kit Essential for Vlogging?

　　

　　2. Improving Stability and Quality

　　

　　Stability is crucial when vlogging, especially if you¨re on the move. Shaky footage can be distracting and off-putting to viewers. A GoPro accessories kit typically includes tools like a tripod, a stabilizing grip, or even a gimbal. These accessories are designed to keep your camera steady, resulting in smoother, more professional-looking videos.

　　

　　For vloggers who are always on the go, a sturdy tripod or a handheld grip can make a world of difference. Not only do these tools help you achieve stable shots, but they also allow for creative freedom in how you position and frame your footage.

　　

　　What Makes a GoPro Accessories Kit Essential for Vlogging?

　　

　　3. Expanding Battery Life

　　

　　Vlogging often involves long hours of shooting, and nothing can be more frustrating than running out of battery in the middle of an exciting moment. Many best GoPro accessories kits include additional batteries and a charging station, ensuring that your camera is always ready to capture the next shot. This is particularly useful for travel vloggers who may not have constant access to power sources.

　　

　　What Makes a GoPro Accessories Kit Essential for Vlogging?

　　

　　4. Enhancing Audio Quality

　　

　　While best GoPro cameras are known for their video capabilities, audio quality is equally important in vlogging. Without clear sound, your audience may miss out on important details or become disengaged. Many GoPro accessories kits include external microphones or adapters that allow you to connect higher-quality mics to your camera. This can drastically improve the audio clarity of your vlogs, making them more enjoyable to watch.

　　

　　5. Protecting Your Gear

　　

　　GoPro cameras are built to withstand tough conditions, but having a protective case or cover can add an extra layer of security, especially when you¨re vlogging in extreme environments. A good accessories kit will often include waterproof cases, lens covers, and protective housing, ensuring that your camera remains safe from dust, water, and impacts. This protection is invaluable when you¨re capturing footage in challenging conditions, like underwater or in rough terrain.

　　Tired of the messy charging cables and devices on the desktop, and longing for a simple and efficient charging solution? XTW’s magnetic three-in-one wireless desktop charger solves the charging troubles of multiple electronic devices at one stroke, bringing an unprecedented charging experience.In today’s market background, sports video camera Still maintain a strong sales data, and constantly beat the competitors in front of us. https://www.xtwkitway.com/

　　

　　XTW: Foldable Magnetic Wireless Charger Supplier

　　

　　XTW’s three-in-one magnetic wireless charger supports charging three devices at the same time, whether it is a mobile phone, watch or headphones, it can be easily handled. This efficient and convenient charging method makes life more convenient. You can also share it with relatives and friends to charge two mobile phones at the same time.

　　

　　This wireless charger has strong magnetic force and can be charged with one stick, which can ensure charging performance and worry-free use! It can provide 15W wireless fast charging for mobile phones, the iWatch module can provide 5W safe charging for Apple watches, and the base can provide 5W wireless charging for AirPods or other headphones with wireless charging function.

　　

　　XTW: Foldable Magnetic Wireless Charger Supplier

　　

　　Charge as soon as you put it, wireless restraint. XTW’s magnetic three-in-one wireless desktop charger is simple and fast, with one for six (3 chargers + 3 charging cables). From now on, you don’t have to face the charging cables and chargers full of sockets, reducing space occupation and saying goodbye to clutter and cumbersomeness.

　　

　　Free your hands and feel relaxed and comfortable. In addition to charging, it can also be used as a magnetic mobile phone holder, with free switching between horizontal and vertical screens, and can flexibly cope with various scenarios such as watching TV series and video calls. Minimalist design, exquisite workmanship, simple shape, carefully polished style details, bringing artistic life enjoyment.

　　

　　XTW: Foldable Magnetic Wireless Charger Supplier

　　

　　XTW three-in-one magnetic wireless charger, with its unique foldable design and versatility, leads the new charging trend. XTW has more innovative charging devices to make charging simple, efficient and fun! Welcome to place orders for customization.

　　If the mobile phone uses GPRS DTU on the Internet, data can be sent and received in groups, which means that users are always online and charged according to traffic, which quickly reduces the service cost. If CSD bearer is changed to GPRS, it means that dozens of people will bear the cost of the original one. Therefore, many unnecessary expenses will be greatly reduced.As can be seen from the new data, radio Module The market influence is also growing, and the product share is also relatively increasing, which has great potential in the future. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　The advantage of GPRS DTU is that its data transmission speed is not comparable to that of GSM. At present, the transmission speed of GSM mobile communication network is 9.6K kilobytes per second, and the transmission speed of GPRS mobile phone has reached 56Kbps when it was launched at the beginning of this year, and now it has reached 115Kbps. Packet is to package Data into many independent packets, and then send these packets one by one, which is somewhat similar to sending a package. The advantage of packet switching is that it only takes up bandwidth when there is data to be sent, and it can be priced according to the amount of data transmitted, which is a more reasonable charging method for users, because most of the time and bandwidth of data transmission like the Internet are intermittent.

　　

　　GPRS DTU can provide four different coding methods, which also provide different error protection capabilities. Using four different coding methods, each time slot can provide different transmission rates. Each user can use up to eight time slots at the same time. So GPRS DTU is called high transmission rate.

　　1. Wireless networkingIn the long run, radio Module The value will be higher and higher, and there will be a great leap in essence. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　Networking requirements: networking in a wireless way in a local area network to realize resource sharing among devices.

　　

　　Networking mode: wireless access points are placed in the center of local area network, and wireless network cards are installed on internet devices.

　　

　　2. Mesh connection

　　

　　Wireless mesh network is a pure wireless network system, and the APS in the network can be directly connected with each other through wireless channels.

　　

　　3. Regional-oriented mobile Internet service

　　

　　Networking requirements: provide mobile Internet service for mobile devices in this area in a large range.

　　

　　Networking mode: base stations are selected in the area, and wireless access points are placed at each base station to form multiple overlapping cells to cover the area to be networked. If the wireless ad hoc network module is installed on the mobile device, you can enjoy the mobile networking service within this range.

　　

　　4. Point to point connection

　　

　　 Wireless connection between single computer and computer network

　　

　　Networking requirements: realize wireless connection between remote computers and computer network center.

　　

　　Networking mode: install a wireless access point external directional antenna in the computer network center, and install a wireless network card external directional antenna on a single machine opposite to the network center.

　　

　　 Wireless connection between computer networks

　　

　　Networking requirements: realize wireless connection between remote computer network and computer network center.

　　

　　Networking mode: install a wireless access point external directional antenna in the computer network center, and install a wireless access point external directional antenna in the remote computer network opposite to the network center.

　　

　　5. Point to multipoint connection

　　

　　 Multi-point connection with different frequencies

　　

　　Networking requirements: There are three wired networks: A, B and C. A is the central network, and it is necessary to realize the wireless connection between A network and B network and C network respectively.

　　

　　Networking mode: a wireless bridge external directional antenna is installed in network A, and a wireless bridge external directional antenna is installed in network B opposite to network A; Another wireless bridge external directional antenna is installed on the A network, and another wireless bridge external directional antenna is installed on the C network, which is opposite to the second directional antenna of the A network.

　　

　　 Co-frequency multi-point connection

　　

　　Networking requirements: There are four wired networks: A, B, C and D. A is the central network, and it is necessary to realize the wireless connection between A network and B network, C network and D network respectively.

　　

　　Networking mode: A wireless bridge external omni-directional antenna is installed on the A network, and a wireless bridge external directional antenna is installed on the B network, the C network and the D network respectively, which is opposite to the A network, and the A network is connected with the B, C and D networks at the same frequency.

　　

　　6. Relay connection

　　

　　 Connection across obstacles

　　

　　Networking requirements: wireless networking should be realized between the two networks, but there are obstacles between the geographical locations of the two networks, and there is no visible path required for microwave transmission.

　　

　　Networking mode: By establishing a relay center, find a location where two networks can be seen at the same time and set up a relay point, so that the two networks can establish a connection through relay.

　　

　　 Long distance connection

　　

　　Networking requirements: wireless networking should be realized between two networks, but the distance between the two networks exceeds the maximum communication distance that can be achieved by point-to-point connection.

　　

　　Networking mode: establish a relay point between two networks, so that the two networks can establish a connection through relay.

　　

　　Wireless mesh network can form a broadband wireless communication network covering the city, provide wireless VOIP and mobile broadband multimedia communication services, and also provide metropolitan broadband wireless mobile access services for users in certain industries.

　　1. List of questions and alliance answers for operators to deploy NB-IoTIn today’s market background, Wireless Module Still maintain a strong sales data, and constantly beat the competitors in front of us. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　How is the network architecture of NB-IoT composed?

　　

　　Building vertical industry application of Internet of Things based on NB-IoT technology will tend to be simpler and the division of labor will be clearer.

　　

　　How do domestic and foreign operators divide the frequency bands of NB-IoT?

　　

　　Most operators in the world use the 900MHz frequency band to deploy NB-IoT, and some operators deploy it in the 800MHz frequency band. China Unicom’s NB-IoT is deployed in 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands, and only 900MHz can be tested at present. In order to build the NB-IoT Internet of Things, China Mobile will obtain the FDD license and allow the existing 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands to be re-cultivated. China Telecom’s NB-IoT is deployed in the 800MHz band, with a frequency of only 5MHz.

　　

　　NB-IoT network deployment schedule?

　　

　　In 2016, China Unicom launched NB-IoT field-scale networking tests based on 900MHz and 1800MHz in seven cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, Changsha and Yinchuan), as well as more than six business application demonstrations. In 2018, the commercial deployment of NB-IoT will be fully promoted nationwide. China Mobile plans to start the commercialization of NB-IoT in 2017. China Telecom plans to deploy NB-IoT network in the first half of 2017. Huawei and six operators (China Unicom, China Mobile, Vodafone, Emirates Telecom, Telefonica and Italia Telecom) set up six NB-IoT open laboratories around the world, focusing on NB-IoT business innovation, industry development, interoperability testing and product compatibility verification. ZTE and China Mobile completed the technical verification demonstration of NB-IoT protocol in the laboratory of China Mobile’s 5G Joint Innovation Center.

　　

　　Can non-operators deploy NB-IoT networks?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT need real-name registration system?

　　

　　All needs, tracked to the responsible subject.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT all adopt eSIM?

　　

　　The product features of NB-IoT are that it can work without installation and configuration, and it can be directly connected to the network by booting, and it supports functions such as automatic equipment registration and air upgrade. SIM card and eSIM will coexist for a long time, and operators refuse the soft SIM mode.

　　

　　What is the operator’s plan to quit the 2G/3G network?

　　

　　China Unicom may gradually close its 2G network in 2018, and in some places it may close its 3G network. Japan’s mobile operators have all shut down 2G networks, and AT&T in the United States, Telstra and Optus in Australia have announced plans to shut down 2G networks. Telenor plans to close its 3G network in Norway in 2020, followed by its 2G network in 2025. Some operators consider that there are more than 100 million GPRS IOT terminals and low-end GSM mobile phones for a long time, and the cost of GSM is lower than that of LTE for a long time because of its low complexity and no patent fees. Therefore, most operators will maintain the GSM frequency band to continue their operations for a long time.

　　

　　Do operators support NB-IoT roaming?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　How can operators ensure the stability of NB-IoT network?

　　

　　NB-IoT is directly deployed in GSM, UMTS or LTE networks, which can be reused with existing network base stations to reduce deployment costs and achieve smooth upgrade. However, the use of a separate 180KHz frequency band does not occupy the voice and data bandwidth of existing networks, ensuring that traditional services and future Internet of Things services can be carried out stably and reliably at the same time.

　　

　　The control and bearer of NB-IoT are separated, with signaling on the control plane and data on the bearer plane. If it is a low-rate service, it goes directly to the control plane, and no dedicated bearer is established, which omits the signaling process of establishing a link between NAS and the core network and shortens the wake-up recovery delay. NB-IoT is an operational telecommunications network. This is the key to distinguish NB-IoT from GPRS, LoRa, SigFox and other technologies.

　　

　　How can operators make use of NB-IoT network to make profits?

　　

　　Operators’ existing areas such as QoS service quality assurance, network security, telecom-level billing and big data services continue to maintain their industry advantages. NB-IoT network allows operators to strengthen their business service capabilities in the field of Internet of Things, including cloud service provision, mass customer management, real-name authentication of Internet of Things, system general contracting integration, and high-end customized services for large customers.

　　

　　Price issues related to NB-IoT?

　　

　　Operator’s charges: one is based on flow and the other is based on message, and the trend will be lower than the price of GPRS cost chip: lower than the price of 2G main chip, with a reasonable expected price of $1. Module price: lower than the price of GPRS module, with a reasonable expected price of $2. Terminal price: pricing maintenance cost according to actual function: far lower than the existing network maintenance cost subsidy policy: operators will provide larger operating subsidies in the early stage.

　　

　　2. List of questions and answers about NB-IoT technology.

　　

　　Will NB-IoT standard support TDD LTE?

　　

　　At present, FDD LTE system supports NB-IoT technology, while TDD LTE system does not support NB-IoT technology. The physical layer design of NB-IoT mostly follows LTE system technology, such as SC-FDMA for uplink and OFDM for downlink. The design of high-level protocol follows LTE protocol, and its function is enhanced according to its small data packet, low power consumption and large connection characteristics. The core network is connected based on S1 interface, which supports independent deployment and upgrade deployment.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support base station positioning?

　　

　　R13 does not support base station location, but the operator network can do private solutions, such as location based on cell ID, which will not affect the terminal, and only need the network to increase the location server and contact with the base station. R14 plans to enhance positioning, supporting E-CID, UTDOA or OTDOA, and the operator’s desired positioning accuracy target is within 50 meters.

　　

　　Considering the terminal complexity, UTDOA is better, because it has little influence on the terminal, and in the case of enhanced coverage (basement 164dB), UTDOA (uplink) power consumption is lower; If coverage enhancement is not needed in most scenarios, OTDOA (downlink) will be better from the perspective of network capacity.

　　

　　What are the deployment methods of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports three different deployment modes, namely independent deployment, guard band deployment and in-band deployment. Independent deployment: A separate frequency band can be used, which is suitable for re-cultivation in GSM frequency band. Guard band deployment: The marginal useless frequency band in LTE system can be utilized. In-band deployment: Any resource block in the middle of LTE carrier can be utilized.

　　

　　What modulation and demodulation technology does NB-IoT use?

　　

　　OFDMA is used for downlink, and the subcarrier spacing is 15kHz. The uplink adopts SC-FDMA, single-tone: 3.75kHz/15kHz, and multi-tone: 15kHz. Only need to support half duplex, with a separate synchronization signal. The terminal supports the indication of Single-tone and Multi-tone capabilities. The MAC/RLC/PDCP/RRC layer processing is based on the existing LTE processes and protocols, and the physical layer is optimized.

　　

　　What are the number of connected users and active users of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has 50-100 times the uplink capacity improvement compared with 2G/3G/4G, and NB-IoT can provide 50-100 times the access number compared with the existing wireless technology under the same base station. Under the frequency of 200KHz, according to the simulation test data, a single base station cell can support 50,000 NB-IoT terminals to access.

　　

　　What is the coverage of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has a gain of 20dB higher than that of LTE and GPRS base stations, and it is expected to cover underground garages, basements, underground pipelines and other places where signals are difficult to reach. According to the simulation test data, in the independent deployment mode, the coverage capacity of NB-IoT can reach 164dB, and the in-band deployment and guard band deployment need to be simulated and tested.

　　

　　What is the uplink and downlink transmission rate of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT RF bandwidth is 200kHz. Downlink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250kbps. Uplink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250 kbps (multi-tone)/200 kbps (single-tone).

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support retransmission mechanism?

　　

　　NB-IoT adopts retransmission (up to 200 times) and low-order modulation to enhance coverage.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support voice?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports Push to Talk without coverage enhancement. In the scenario of enhanced coverage of 20dB, only similar voicemails can be supported. NB-IoT does not support VoLTE, which requires too high delay, and the high-level protocol stack needs QoS guarantee, which will increase the cost.

　　

　　Why does the chip of NB-IoT consume low power?

　　

　　The energy consumed by a device is related to the amount or rate of data, and the size of data packets sent per unit time determines the size of power consumption. NB-IoT introduces eDRX power saving technology and PSM power saving mode, which further reduces power consumption and prolongs battery life. NB-IoT can keep devices online all the time, but it can save power by reducing unnecessary signaling and not accepting paging information when in PSM state.

　　

　　In PSM mode, the terminal is still registered in the network, but the signaling is unreachable, which makes the terminal stay in deep sleep for a longer time to save electricity. EDRX power saving technology further prolongs the sleep period of the terminal in idle mode, reduces unnecessary startup of the receiving unit, and greatly improves the downlink accessibility compared with PSM.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT sleep wake-up mode affect battery life?

　　

　　At present, the working time given by NB-IoT is based on simulation data, without considering the battery itself and environmental factors, such as self-discharge and aging of the battery, high and low temperature environmental impact, etc. In actual use, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the power supply time of the battery according to the actual situation. NB-IoT adopts the power-saving scheme of sleep wake-up. When the battery is awakened during sleep, it will receive instantaneous strong current, which will greatly affect the battery life. The application of meter reading usually adopts lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) battery and super capacitor. Consumer electronics and others should be powered by li-polymer.

　　

　　Why are NB-IoT chips cheap?

　　

　　Low speed, low power consumption and low bandwidth bring low cost advantages. Low speed: it means that no large cache is needed, so the cache can be small and the DSP configuration is low; Low power consumption: it means that RF design requirements are low, and small PA can be realized; Low bandwidth: It means that there is no need for complicated equalization algorithm … These factors make the NB-IoT chip small, so the cost will be reduced.

　　

　　Taking a certain chip as an example, NB-IoT chip integrates BB, AP, Flash and battery management, and reserves the function of sensor set. The AP includes three ARM-M0 cores, and each M0 core is responsible for the application, security and communication functions respectively, which facilitates the function management and reduces the cost and power consumption.

　　

　　What is the range of NB-IoT to the device movement rate?

　　

　　NB-IoT is suitable for application scenarios with weak mobility support (such as intelligent meter reading, intelligent parking, etc.), while simplifying the complexity of the terminal and reducing the power consumption of the terminal. NB-IoT does not support mobility management in connected state, including related measurement, measurement report, handover, etc.

　　

　　What is the network delay of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT allows a delay of about 10s, but it can support a lower delay, such as about 6s, in the environment of maximum coupling loss.

　　

　　3. Deployment of NB-IoT technology in various vertical application fields of the Internet of Things.

　　

　　What is the deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application?

　　

　　The deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application field includes hardware cost, network cost, installation cost and service cost. If we want to realize the scale of application field, we must reduce the deployment cost.

　　

　　What is the focus of NB-IoT in vertical application field?

　　

　　NB-IoT technology can meet the requirements of low-rate services with low power consumption, long standby, deep coverage and large capacity, and is more suitable for static services, low sensitivity to time delay, discontinuous movement and real-time data transmission. 1. Autonomous anomaly reporting business types: such as smoke alarm detectors, abnormal equipment operation, etc. The uplink data volume is extremely small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in years and months. 2. Business types of autonomous periodic reporting: such as remote meter reading of public utilities and environmental monitoring, etc. The uplink data volume is small (on the order of 100 bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 3. Service type of remote control instruction:

　　

　　For example, if the equipment is turned on/off remotely, and the equipment triggers to send an uplink report, the downlink data amount is very small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 4. Software remote update service type: such as software patch/update, and the uplink and downlink need a large amount of data (kilobyte level), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours.

　　1. List of questions and alliance answers for operators to deploy NB-IoTTherefore, Wireless Module Only then will more and more pump owners cheer for it and spread the value and function of the brand. https://www.hkulike.com/

　　

　　How is the network architecture of NB-IoT composed?

　　

　　Building vertical industry application of Internet of Things based on NB-IoT technology will tend to be simpler and the division of labor will be clearer.

　　

　　How do domestic and foreign operators divide the frequency bands of NB-IoT?

　　

　　Most operators in the world use the 900MHz frequency band to deploy NB-IoT, and some operators deploy it in the 800MHz frequency band. China Unicom’s NB-IoT is deployed in 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands, and only 900MHz can be tested at present. In order to build the NB-IoT Internet of Things, China Mobile will obtain the FDD license and allow the existing 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands to be re-cultivated. China Telecom’s NB-IoT is deployed in the 800MHz band, with a frequency of only 5MHz.

　　

　　NB-IoT network deployment schedule?

　　

　　In 2016, China Unicom launched NB-IoT field-scale networking tests based on 900MHz and 1800MHz in seven cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Fuzhou, Changsha and Yinchuan), as well as more than six business application demonstrations. In 2018, the commercial deployment of NB-IoT will be fully promoted nationwide. China Mobile plans to start the commercialization of NB-IoT in 2017. China Telecom plans to deploy NB-IoT network in the first half of 2017. Huawei and six operators (China Unicom, China Mobile, Vodafone, Emirates Telecom, Telefonica and Italia Telecom) set up six NB-IoT open laboratories around the world, focusing on NB-IoT business innovation, industry development, interoperability testing and product compatibility verification. ZTE and China Mobile completed the technical verification demonstration of NB-IoT protocol in the laboratory of China Mobile’s 5G Joint Innovation Center.

　　

　　Can non-operators deploy NB-IoT networks?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT need real-name registration system?

　　

　　All needs, tracked to the responsible subject.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT all adopt eSIM?

　　

　　The product features of NB-IoT are that it can work without installation and configuration, and it can be directly connected to the network by booting, and it supports functions such as automatic equipment registration and air upgrade. SIM card and eSIM will coexist for a long time, and operators refuse the soft SIM mode.

　　

　　What is the operator’s plan to quit the 2G/3G network?

　　

　　China Unicom may gradually close its 2G network in 2018, and in some places it may close its 3G network. Japan’s mobile operators have all shut down 2G networks, and AT&T in the United States, Telstra and Optus in Australia have announced plans to shut down 2G networks. Telenor plans to close its 3G network in Norway in 2020, followed by its 2G network in 2025. Some operators consider that there are more than 100 million GPRS IOT terminals and low-end GSM mobile phones for a long time, and the cost of GSM is lower than that of LTE for a long time because of its low complexity and no patent fees. Therefore, most operators will maintain the GSM frequency band to continue their operations for a long time.

　　

　　Do operators support NB-IoT roaming?

　　

　　The answer is no.

　　

　　How can operators ensure the stability of NB-IoT network?

　　

　　NB-IoT is directly deployed in GSM, UMTS or LTE networks, which can be reused with existing network base stations to reduce deployment costs and achieve smooth upgrade. However, the use of a separate 180KHz frequency band does not occupy the voice and data bandwidth of existing networks, ensuring that traditional services and future Internet of Things services can be carried out stably and reliably at the same time.

　　

　　The control and bearer of NB-IoT are separated, with signaling on the control plane and data on the bearer plane. If it is a low-rate service, it goes directly to the control plane, and no dedicated bearer is established, which omits the signaling process of establishing a link between NAS and the core network and shortens the wake-up recovery delay. NB-IoT is an operational telecommunications network. This is the key to distinguish NB-IoT from GPRS, LoRa, SigFox and other technologies.

　　

　　How can operators make use of NB-IoT network to make profits?

　　

　　Operators’ existing areas such as QoS service quality assurance, network security, telecom-level billing and big data services continue to maintain their industry advantages. NB-IoT network allows operators to strengthen their business service capabilities in the field of Internet of Things, including cloud service provision, mass customer management, real-name authentication of Internet of Things, system general contracting integration, and high-end customized services for large customers.

　　

　　Price issues related to NB-IoT?

　　

　　Operator’s charges: one is based on flow and the other is based on message, and the trend will be lower than the price of GPRS cost chip: lower than the price of 2G main chip, with a reasonable expected price of $1. Module price: lower than the price of GPRS module, with a reasonable expected price of $2. Terminal price: pricing maintenance cost according to actual function: far lower than the existing network maintenance cost subsidy policy: operators will provide larger operating subsidies in the early stage.

　　

　　2. List of questions and answers about NB-IoT technology.

　　

　　Will NB-IoT standard support TDD LTE?

　　

　　At present, FDD LTE system supports NB-IoT technology, while TDD LTE system does not support NB-IoT technology. The physical layer design of NB-IoT mostly follows LTE system technology, such as SC-FDMA for uplink and OFDM for downlink. The design of high-level protocol follows LTE protocol, and its function is enhanced according to its small data packet, low power consumption and large connection characteristics. The core network is connected based on S1 interface, which supports independent deployment and upgrade deployment.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support base station positioning?

　　

　　R13 does not support base station location, but the operator network can do private solutions, such as location based on cell ID, which will not affect the terminal, and only need the network to increase the location server and contact with the base station. R14 plans to enhance positioning, supporting E-CID, UTDOA or OTDOA, and the operator’s desired positioning accuracy target is within 50 meters.

　　

　　Considering the terminal complexity, UTDOA is better, because it has little influence on the terminal, and in the case of enhanced coverage (basement 164dB), UTDOA (uplink) power consumption is lower; If coverage enhancement is not needed in most scenarios, OTDOA (downlink) will be better from the perspective of network capacity.

　　

　　What are the deployment methods of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports three different deployment modes, namely independent deployment, guard band deployment and in-band deployment. Independent deployment: A separate frequency band can be used, which is suitable for re-cultivation in GSM frequency band. Guard band deployment: The marginal useless frequency band in LTE system can be utilized. In-band deployment: Any resource block in the middle of LTE carrier can be utilized.

　　

　　What modulation and demodulation technology does NB-IoT use?

　　

　　OFDMA is used for downlink, and the subcarrier spacing is 15kHz. The uplink adopts SC-FDMA, single-tone: 3.75kHz/15kHz, and multi-tone: 15kHz. Only need to support half duplex, with a separate synchronization signal. The terminal supports the indication of Single-tone and Multi-tone capabilities. The MAC/RLC/PDCP/RRC layer processing is based on the existing LTE processes and protocols, and the physical layer is optimized.

　　

　　What are the number of connected users and active users of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has 50-100 times the uplink capacity improvement compared with 2G/3G/4G, and NB-IoT can provide 50-100 times the access number compared with the existing wireless technology under the same base station. Under the frequency of 200KHz, according to the simulation test data, a single base station cell can support 50,000 NB-IoT terminals to access.

　　

　　What is the coverage of NB-IoT base station?

　　

　　NB-IoT has a gain of 20dB higher than that of LTE and GPRS base stations, and it is expected to cover underground garages, basements, underground pipelines and other places where signals are difficult to reach. According to the simulation test data, in the independent deployment mode, the coverage capacity of NB-IoT can reach 164dB, and the in-band deployment and guard band deployment need to be simulated and tested.

　　

　　What is the uplink and downlink transmission rate of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT RF bandwidth is 200kHz. Downlink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250kbps. Uplink rate: greater than 160kbps and less than 250 kbps (multi-tone)/200 kbps (single-tone).

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support retransmission mechanism?

　　

　　NB-IoT adopts retransmission (up to 200 times) and low-order modulation to enhance coverage.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT support voice?

　　

　　NB-IoT supports Push to Talk without coverage enhancement. In the scenario of enhanced coverage of 20dB, only similar voicemails can be supported. NB-IoT does not support VoLTE, which requires too high delay, and the high-level protocol stack needs QoS guarantee, which will increase the cost.

　　

　　Why does the chip of NB-IoT consume low power?

　　

　　The energy consumed by a device is related to the amount or rate of data, and the size of data packets sent per unit time determines the size of power consumption. NB-IoT introduces eDRX power saving technology and PSM power saving mode, which further reduces power consumption and prolongs battery life. NB-IoT can keep devices online all the time, but it can save power by reducing unnecessary signaling and not accepting paging information when in PSM state.

　　

　　In PSM mode, the terminal is still registered in the network, but the signaling is unreachable, which makes the terminal stay in deep sleep for a longer time to save electricity. EDRX power saving technology further prolongs the sleep period of the terminal in idle mode, reduces unnecessary startup of the receiving unit, and greatly improves the downlink accessibility compared with PSM.

　　

　　Does NB-IoT sleep wake-up mode affect battery life?

　　

　　At present, the working time given by NB-IoT is based on simulation data, without considering the battery itself and environmental factors, such as self-discharge and aging of the battery, high and low temperature environmental impact, etc. In actual use, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the power supply time of the battery according to the actual situation. NB-IoT adopts the power-saving scheme of sleep wake-up. When the battery is awakened during sleep, it will receive instantaneous strong current, which will greatly affect the battery life. The application of meter reading usually adopts lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) battery and super capacitor. Consumer electronics and others should be powered by li-polymer.

　　

　　Why are NB-IoT chips cheap?

　　

　　Low speed, low power consumption and low bandwidth bring low cost advantages. Low speed: it means that no large cache is needed, so the cache can be small and the DSP configuration is low; Low power consumption: it means that RF design requirements are low, and small PA can be realized; Low bandwidth: It means that there is no need for complicated equalization algorithm … These factors make the NB-IoT chip small, so the cost will be reduced.

　　

　　Taking a certain chip as an example, NB-IoT chip integrates BB, AP, Flash and battery management, and reserves the function of sensor set. The AP includes three ARM-M0 cores, and each M0 core is responsible for the application, security and communication functions respectively, which facilitates the function management and reduces the cost and power consumption.

　　

　　What is the range of NB-IoT to the device movement rate?

　　

　　NB-IoT is suitable for application scenarios with weak mobility support (such as intelligent meter reading, intelligent parking, etc.), while simplifying the complexity of the terminal and reducing the power consumption of the terminal. NB-IoT does not support mobility management in connected state, including related measurement, measurement report, handover, etc.

　　

　　What is the network delay of NB-IoT?

　　

　　NB-IoT allows a delay of about 10s, but it can support a lower delay, such as about 6s, in the environment of maximum coupling loss.

　　

　　3. Deployment of NB-IoT technology in various vertical application fields of the Internet of Things.

　　

　　What is the deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application?

　　

　　The deployment cost of NB-IoT vertical application field includes hardware cost, network cost, installation cost and service cost. If we want to realize the scale of application field, we must reduce the deployment cost.

　　

　　What is the focus of NB-IoT in vertical application field?

　　

　　NB-IoT technology can meet the requirements of low-rate services with low power consumption, long standby, deep coverage and large capacity, and is more suitable for static services, low sensitivity to time delay, discontinuous movement and real-time data transmission. 1. Autonomous anomaly reporting business types: such as smoke alarm detectors, abnormal equipment operation, etc. The uplink data volume is extremely small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in years and months. 2. Business types of autonomous periodic reporting: such as remote meter reading of public utilities and environmental monitoring, etc. The uplink data volume is small (on the order of 100 bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 3. Service type of remote control instruction:

　　

　　For example, if the equipment is turned on/off remotely, and the equipment triggers to send an uplink report, the downlink data amount is very small (on the order of ten bytes), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours. 4. Software remote update service type: such as software patch/update, and the uplink and downlink need a large amount of data (kilobyte level), and the cycle is mostly in days and hours.